DOSAGE
FORM
PAPERS
Prepared To Meet Value Assignment Course
English At Pharmacy Program S1
College of Industrial Technology and Pharmacy of Bogor
Prepared To Meet Value Assignment Course
English At Pharmacy Program S1
College of Industrial Technology and Pharmacy of Bogor
Arranged
by:
Dewi Laela R. 16010094 Emilda Wirdatul A. 16010104
Diana Lisdayani 16010096 Eriansyah 16010106
Dina Oktaviana 16010098 Fitriani Hanifah 16010108
Dwi Wahyuni S. 16010100 Gayver Rejeki S. 16010110
Eko
Prasetyo 16010102 Hany Shalihat S. 1601011
DYNAMIC
ENVIRONMENT FOUNDATION INDONESIA
HIGH SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES BOGOR
2016
Jl. Kumbang No. Bogor 23 16 151 Phone. (0251) 8323819
E-mail: sttifkumbang_bogor@yahoo.co.id
HIGH SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES BOGOR
2016
Jl. Kumbang No. Bogor 23 16 151 Phone. (0251) 8323819
E-mail: sttifkumbang_bogor@yahoo.co.id
PREFACE
With all the praise and thanks to
God the Almighty, who has given His love and mercy so that a paper entitled
" DOS
On this occasion, we would like
to thank profusely to all those who have helped us in completing the writing of
this paper, to Lina Susanti, M. Pd as lecturer in english for the support
and motivation and also to friends who have contributed their ideas and
motivation for writing this paper.
We are fully aware that the many
flaws in the writing of this paper, in terms of material, technical and
presentation material. Therefore, we expect criticism and constructive
suggestions to further refine the writing of this paper. Finally, we hope that
the writing of this paper can be useful for readers.
Bogor,
October 2016
Group
2
TABLE LIST OF CONTENT
PREFACE................................................................................................................ i
TABLE LIST OF
CONTENT................................................................................. ii
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................... ......... iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background........................................................................................... 1
B. Formulate
of the problem...................................................................... 2
C. Aims
of paper....................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER II DISCUSSIONS
CHAPTER
III CONCLUSION
1.
Conclusion......................................................................................... 23
BIBILIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
1. BACKGROUND
Medicine is a substance or combination of ingredients that are intended to be used in establishing a diagnosis, prevent, reduce, eliminate, cure disease or symptoms of disease, injury or abnormality corporal and spiritual in humans or animals and to adorn or beautify the body or parts of the human body including traditional medicine.
Medicine is a substance or combination of ingredients that are intended to be used in establishing a diagnosis, prevent, reduce, eliminate, cure disease or symptoms of disease, injury or abnormality corporal and spiritual in humans or animals and to adorn or beautify the body or parts of the human body including traditional medicine.
Dosage forms (also
called unit doses) are pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they
are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and inactive
components (excipients), in a particular configuration (such as a capsule
shell, for example), and apportioned into a particular dose.
The kinds of dosage
form :
1.
Aerosol
Aerosol is a container with a
liquid that is administered in spray form.
2.
Drops
Drops is a very amount of liquid
that forms a round shape.
3.
Inhaler
Inhaler is a small device with
medicine to breathe in through the mount.
4.
Liniment
Liniment is an only liquid to rub on painful body parts to reduce pain .
5.
Ointment
Oinment is an smoot , thick substance to rub on the skin for healling .
6.
Patch
Patch is a medication on material or cloth placed on the skin
7.
Pill
Pill is A small,round piece of medicine to be swallowed without chewing.
8.
Solution
Solution is a liquid in which another substance has been dissolved.
9.
Suppository
Suppository is a
solid medicine which melt slowly in the rectum or vagina.
10. Syrup
Syrup is a sweet, liquid medicine taken with a spoon or cup.
11. Tablets
Tablets are solid dosage medications containing
materials with or without fillers.
12. Capsule
Capsule is dosage form drug is encased in the capsule shell, hard or
soft.
13. Injection
Injection is a
technology to mix fuel with air with the right dose to the state of the
machine.
2. Formulate of the Problem
The formulation of the problem to be
addressed is to know the definition of drug dosage forms, drug dosage and its
wide sense as aerosols, drops, ointments, syrups etc.
3.
AIM of
Paper
The aim
in writing this paper is to increase knowledge about the drug dosage form (BSO)
injection, eye drops and nasal drops and is expected to benefit us all.
CHAPTER
II
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
A.
DOSAGE FORM
a.
Aerosol
Advantages:
1. Easy to use and little contact with the hand.
2. The danger of contamination (entered idara and evaporation is not being used)
3. The irritation caused by topical application may be reduced
4. Dosing desired can be set
5. This form of sprays can be arranged
1. Easy to use and little contact with the hand.
2. The danger of contamination (entered idara and evaporation is not being used)
3. The irritation caused by topical application may be reduced
4. Dosing desired can be set
5. This form of sprays can be arranged
b.
Drops
- Types drops
1. drops mouth (Guttae oris)
Drops are used to mouth by first diluting
with water, to gargled his mouth, and not to be swallowed.
2. Ear drops (Guttae aericulares)
Drops used for the ear with medication
dripping into the ear, unless otherwise stated, ear drops made using carrier
fluid instead of water, such as glycerin and propylene glycol.
3. nose drops (Guttae nasales)
Drops are used for the nose by means of
dripping medicine into the nasal cavity. Usually may contain suspending agents,
buffers and preservatives.
4. Eye drops (Guttae ophtalmicae)
Sterile dosage form of solution or suspension
is used for the eyes, with dripping medicine on the mucous membranes of the
eyes around the eyelids or the eyeball.
c.
Inhaler
The use of inhalation therapy is indicated
for the treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
obstructive syndrome, post tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis,
circumstances or other medical conditions with thick, sticky sputum.
Its use is limited only to drugs gaseous or volatile liquid and other drugs in an aerosol form In disease Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD = COPD & PPOM) inhalation therapy is the treatment of choice. With inhalation therapy drugs can be entered in accordance with the desired dosage, the direct effect on the target organ. In terms of convenience in use, how much preferred MDI therapy patients because the drug can be easy to carry everywhere. Drug packaging is also advantageous because in one bottle can be used for 30 or up to 90 days of use.
Its use is limited only to drugs gaseous or volatile liquid and other drugs in an aerosol form In disease Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD = COPD & PPOM) inhalation therapy is the treatment of choice. With inhalation therapy drugs can be entered in accordance with the desired dosage, the direct effect on the target organ. In terms of convenience in use, how much preferred MDI therapy patients because the drug can be easy to carry everywhere. Drug packaging is also advantageous because in one bottle can be used for 30 or up to 90 days of use.
d.
Liniment
Basic materials :
Lanolin, emulgid, cera
Storage :
in colored bottles in a cool mouthed ketch
e.
Ointment
-
Classification
Ointment
(1)
According
to the consistency ointment is divided into:
(A) Unguenta: is an ointment that has a consistency like
butter, does not melt at ordinary temperatures but easily applied without using
force.
(B) Cream: is an ointment that contains a lot of water, easily absorbed by the skin. A type that can be washed with water.
(B) Cream: is an ointment that contains a lot of water, easily absorbed by the skin. A type that can be washed with water.
(C) Pasta: is an ointment containing more than 50% solids
(powders). A thick ointment as a protective cover or the skin is given.
(D) Cerata: is a fatty ointment containing a high
percentage of wax (waxes), making it harder consistency.
(E) Gelones Spumae: (Jelly) is an ointment that is more
subtle. Generally liquid and contains little or no wax is used mainly in the
mucous membrane as a lubricant or base. Usually consists of a simple mixture of
oils and fats with low melting point.
(2) According to the Treatment Effects,
ointments divided into:
§ Epidermic Ointment (ointment Cover)
§ Epidermic Ointment (ointment Cover)
Used on the skin surface that serves only to
protect the skin and produce local effects, because the ingredients are not
absorbed. Sometimes added antiseptic, astringent to ease stimulus. The best
ointment base are hydrocarbons (petroleum jelly).
§ Ointment Endodermic
§ Ointment Endodermic
Ointments wherein the medicine penetrate into
but not through the skin and be absorbed partially. To soften the skin or
mucous membranes by local irritants. Ointment base oil is a good fat.
§ Ointment Diadermic
(Ointment Absorption).
Ointments which penetrates into the material
medicine through the skin and reach the desired effect because the absorbed
entirely, for example in the ointment containing compounds Mercuri, iodide,
Belladonnae. Good ointment base is adeps lanae and oleum cacao.
(2)
According
to the Basic Salepnya, ointments divided into:
(A) Ointment hydrophobic namely ointments with fatty base material, for example: a mixture of fats, fatty oils, evening not washed with water.
(B) Ointment hydrophillic ointment strong that attracts water, usually ointment base type o / w or as basic hydrophobic but softer consistency, the possibility also of type w / o include a mixture of sterol and petrolatum.
(A) Ointment hydrophobic namely ointments with fatty base material, for example: a mixture of fats, fatty oils, evening not washed with water.
(B) Ointment hydrophillic ointment strong that attracts water, usually ointment base type o / w or as basic hydrophobic but softer consistency, the possibility also of type w / o include a mixture of sterol and petrolatum.
f.
Patch
How to use through the skin surface in the form of
plaster, absorbing the drug slowly and continuously into the circulatory system,
directly to the heart.
g.
Pill
-
Component,
Use and Examples Pillulae
1.
The main substances: Form of drug ingredients
2. Additional substances such as:
a. Substance Filler: Use to increase the volume of pills. Examples: Liquorice, bolus alba or other suitable material.
b. The binder substance: Creating mass that stick together with each other. For example: Sari liquorice, gum acacia and tragacanth.
c. Substance Sower: Make preparations that have been made is not attached to one another. Examples liqopodium and talk.
d. Coating agent: Used to cover the taste and unpleasant smell. Prevent changes due to the influence of air. So that the pills can be broken in the gut. For example: Silver, tolu balsam, keratin, sirlak, kolodium, salol, gelatin, sugar.
e. Wetting agent: wet mass prior to its establishment. For example: water, glycerol, syrup, honey, mix these materials or other suitable material.
2. Additional substances such as:
a. Substance Filler: Use to increase the volume of pills. Examples: Liquorice, bolus alba or other suitable material.
b. The binder substance: Creating mass that stick together with each other. For example: Sari liquorice, gum acacia and tragacanth.
c. Substance Sower: Make preparations that have been made is not attached to one another. Examples liqopodium and talk.
d. Coating agent: Used to cover the taste and unpleasant smell. Prevent changes due to the influence of air. So that the pills can be broken in the gut. For example: Silver, tolu balsam, keratin, sirlak, kolodium, salol, gelatin, sugar.
e. Wetting agent: wet mass prior to its establishment. For example: water, glycerol, syrup, honey, mix these materials or other suitable material.
h.
Solution
- The
Kinds of Drug Solution Preparation
Dosage forms solution based on the way of administration distinguished by:
Oral solution
That created a liquid preparation for oral administration, containing one or more substances with or without pengaroma ingredients, sweeteners or dyes are water soluble or water-cosolvent mixture.
1. Potiones (oral medication)
Solutio which is intended for use in (orally). Apart form potio solution can also take the form of emulsion or suspension.
2. syrup
There are three kinds of syrup, namely:
a. Syrup simplex
Dosage forms solution based on the way of administration distinguished by:
Oral solution
That created a liquid preparation for oral administration, containing one or more substances with or without pengaroma ingredients, sweeteners or dyes are water soluble or water-cosolvent mixture.
1. Potiones (oral medication)
Solutio which is intended for use in (orally). Apart form potio solution can also take the form of emulsion or suspension.
2. syrup
There are three kinds of syrup, namely:
a. Syrup simplex
b. Syrups
c. Syrup fragrance
3. Elixir
Is the preparation of a solution containing drug ingredients and additives (sweeteners, preservatives, dyes and fragrances) that has a smell and a savory taste and is used as a solvent mixture of water - ethanol.
Here ethanol function enhances the drug solubility in the elixir can also ditmbahkan glicerol, sorbitol or propilenglikol. As for the sugar substitute can be used molasses.
4. Neutralization, saturatio and potio effervescent.
a. Neutralization is the oral drug made by mixing part of acid and part of the base until the reaction was complete and the solution is neutral. Examples: solutio citratis magnesici, amygdalas ammonicus.
b. Saturatio is drinking medicine prepared by reacting the acid with a base but the gas that occurs detained in the container, so the solution is saturated with gas.
c. Potio effervescent is Saturatio that its CO2 supersaturation.
5. Guttae (drops)
Guttae / drops are liquid preparations in the form of solutions, emulsions or suspensions, if not otherwise stated it is meant for drugs in.
Topical solution
Topical solution is a solution which is usually aqueous but sometimes also other solvents such as ethanol for topical use on the skin and for topical use on the oral mucosa. Topical solution in the form of suspension is called lotio. The preparations include topical solution:
1. Collyrium
Dosage form is a sterile solution, clear, pyrogen-free, isotonic, used to clean the eyes. Can be added buffer substances and preservatives.
c. Syrup fragrance
3. Elixir
Is the preparation of a solution containing drug ingredients and additives (sweeteners, preservatives, dyes and fragrances) that has a smell and a savory taste and is used as a solvent mixture of water - ethanol.
Here ethanol function enhances the drug solubility in the elixir can also ditmbahkan glicerol, sorbitol or propilenglikol. As for the sugar substitute can be used molasses.
4. Neutralization, saturatio and potio effervescent.
a. Neutralization is the oral drug made by mixing part of acid and part of the base until the reaction was complete and the solution is neutral. Examples: solutio citratis magnesici, amygdalas ammonicus.
b. Saturatio is drinking medicine prepared by reacting the acid with a base but the gas that occurs detained in the container, so the solution is saturated with gas.
c. Potio effervescent is Saturatio that its CO2 supersaturation.
5. Guttae (drops)
Guttae / drops are liquid preparations in the form of solutions, emulsions or suspensions, if not otherwise stated it is meant for drugs in.
Topical solution
Topical solution is a solution which is usually aqueous but sometimes also other solvents such as ethanol for topical use on the skin and for topical use on the oral mucosa. Topical solution in the form of suspension is called lotio. The preparations include topical solution:
1. Collyrium
Dosage form is a sterile solution, clear, pyrogen-free, isotonic, used to clean the eyes. Can be added buffer substances and preservatives.
2. Guttae Ophthalmicae
Eye drops are sterile solution free of foreign particles is a preparation made and packaged such that the appropriate use of the eye. Eye drops are also available in the form of a suspension, fine particles in the form of micronized so as not to cause irritation or scratching the cornea.
3. Gargarisma
Gargarisma / mouthwash oral dosage form is generally in a state of concentrated solution that must be diluted before use. Intended to be used as a prevention or treatment of a throat infection. Examples: betadin gargle.
4. Guttae Oris
Drops oral drops are used to mouth by first diluting it with water to gargled his mouth, not to be swallowed.
5. Guttae Nasalis
Nasal drip is a medication used for the nose by dripping the drug into the nasal cavity, may contain suspending agents, pendapar and preservatives. Fatty oils or mineral oil should not be used as a carrier fluid.
6. Inhalation
Preparations that are intended to be sucked by the nose or mouth, or sprayed in a mist form into the respiratory tract. Granular fog droplets must be uniform and very smooth so as to achieve bronkhioli.
7. Injectiones / Injectable drugs
Injection is a sterile dosage form solutions, emulsions or suspensions or powders that must be dissolved or suspended before use, which is injected into the tissue by tearing the skin or through the skin or mucous membranes.
8. Lavement / Enema / Clysma
Use of fluid per rectum / colon pointless for cleaning or produce local or systemic therapeutic effect. Enema is used to clean or cleaner helper in constipation or stool before the operation, should not contain mucous substances. In addition to cleaning enema also serves as karminativa emollients, diagnostic, sedative, anthelmintic and others.
9. Douche
Is an aqueous solution that is intended by an instrument into the vagina, either for treatment or for cleaning. Because these solutions contain ingredients or antiseptic. Example: betadin Vaginal Douche.
10. Epithema / Drug compress
Is a liquid that is used to bring a sense of cold in places and hot pain due to inflammation or by the nature of the pressure difference Osmose used to mngeringkan festering wounds. Example: rivanol.
11. Litus Oris
Oles lip is somewhat viscous liquid and its use is added to the mouth. Example of a 10% solution of Borax in glycerin.
Eye drops are sterile solution free of foreign particles is a preparation made and packaged such that the appropriate use of the eye. Eye drops are also available in the form of a suspension, fine particles in the form of micronized so as not to cause irritation or scratching the cornea.
3. Gargarisma
Gargarisma / mouthwash oral dosage form is generally in a state of concentrated solution that must be diluted before use. Intended to be used as a prevention or treatment of a throat infection. Examples: betadin gargle.
4. Guttae Oris
Drops oral drops are used to mouth by first diluting it with water to gargled his mouth, not to be swallowed.
5. Guttae Nasalis
Nasal drip is a medication used for the nose by dripping the drug into the nasal cavity, may contain suspending agents, pendapar and preservatives. Fatty oils or mineral oil should not be used as a carrier fluid.
6. Inhalation
Preparations that are intended to be sucked by the nose or mouth, or sprayed in a mist form into the respiratory tract. Granular fog droplets must be uniform and very smooth so as to achieve bronkhioli.
7. Injectiones / Injectable drugs
Injection is a sterile dosage form solutions, emulsions or suspensions or powders that must be dissolved or suspended before use, which is injected into the tissue by tearing the skin or through the skin or mucous membranes.
8. Lavement / Enema / Clysma
Use of fluid per rectum / colon pointless for cleaning or produce local or systemic therapeutic effect. Enema is used to clean or cleaner helper in constipation or stool before the operation, should not contain mucous substances. In addition to cleaning enema also serves as karminativa emollients, diagnostic, sedative, anthelmintic and others.
9. Douche
Is an aqueous solution that is intended by an instrument into the vagina, either for treatment or for cleaning. Because these solutions contain ingredients or antiseptic. Example: betadin Vaginal Douche.
10. Epithema / Drug compress
Is a liquid that is used to bring a sense of cold in places and hot pain due to inflammation or by the nature of the pressure difference Osmose used to mngeringkan festering wounds. Example: rivanol.
11. Litus Oris
Oles lip is somewhat viscous liquid and its use is added to the mouth. Example of a 10% solution of Borax in glycerin.
i.
Suppository
- The kinds of suppository
1.
Rectal suppository is often called the
suppository course, the bullet's shape is used through rectal or anus,
according FI.ed.IV weighing approximately 2 g.
Rectal suppository is torpedo-shaped has an advantage, that is, when a large part go through the rectal muscle tissue cover, then the suppository will be drawn in by itself.
Rectal suppository is torpedo-shaped has an advantage, that is, when a large part go through the rectal muscle tissue cover, then the suppository will be drawn in by itself.
2. Vaginal
suppository is (ovules), oval ball shape like a cone, used vaginally, the
weight is generally 5 g.
Suppositories felt or vaginal suppository
suppository insertion is made by means of mass compresses the powder into the
appropriate form, or by encapsulation in soft gelatin.
j.
Syrup
-
The kinds of Syrup
1. Syrup
simplex, containing 65% sugar in nivagin solution 0.25% w / v
2. syrup, containing one or more with or without substance tmbahan and used for treatment,
3. Sirop fragrance, contains no drugs but contain substances other fragrance or flavoring substances. This syrup development goal is to mask the taste and odor of drugs ene not unpleasant.
2. syrup, containing one or more with or without substance tmbahan and used for treatment,
3. Sirop fragrance, contains no drugs but contain substances other fragrance or flavoring substances. This syrup development goal is to mask the taste and odor of drugs ene not unpleasant.
k.
Tablets
- Classification
1. Based on the method of manufacture:
a. tablet print
Made of drug substance and excipients generally contain lactose and sucrose powder in various proportions. Mass of moist powder is pressed with low pressure into the holes. Then removed and allowed to dry. Tablet print rather fragile, so it must be careful - careful in packaging and distribution.
b. tablet felts
Created by delivering high pressure of powder or granules using a steel mold. Generally felts tablet containing the active substance, filler, binder, desintegran and lubricants, may also contain dyes and lacquers are allowed pengaroma ingredients and sweeteners.
1. Based on the method of manufacture:
a. tablet print
Made of drug substance and excipients generally contain lactose and sucrose powder in various proportions. Mass of moist powder is pressed with low pressure into the holes. Then removed and allowed to dry. Tablet print rather fragile, so it must be careful - careful in packaging and distribution.
b. tablet felts
Created by delivering high pressure of powder or granules using a steel mold. Generally felts tablet containing the active substance, filler, binder, desintegran and lubricants, may also contain dyes and lacquers are allowed pengaroma ingredients and sweeteners.
2. Based on the distribution of drugs in the
body:
Divided into two parts:
a. Local work: lozenges for the treatment of the oral cavity. Ovules treatment divagina infection.
b. Systemic work: orally.
Tablets that work systemically can be distinguished:
1) The working short acting (short-term), in one day requires some time to swallow tablets.
2) The work of long acting (long-term), in one day enough to swallow one tablet.
Divided into two parts:
a. Local work: lozenges for the treatment of the oral cavity. Ovules treatment divagina infection.
b. Systemic work: orally.
Tablets that work systemically can be distinguished:
1) The working short acting (short-term), in one day requires some time to swallow tablets.
2) The work of long acting (long-term), in one day enough to swallow one tablet.
3. Based on how to use
a. Ordinary tablets / tablet swallow
made without coating, is used orally by way of being swallowed, the stomach rupture.
b. Chewable tablets (chewable tablets)
usual forms such as tablets, used by chewing in the mouth and then swallowed, it is generally not bitter.
Chewable tablets are meant to be chewed, leaving a residue with a bad taste in the mouth.
c. Lozenges (lozenges, trochisi, pastilles)
is a solid dosage form containing one or more ingredients, generally with a basis of flavorful and sweet, which makes tablets dissolve or disintegrate slowly - land in the mouth.
d. Effervescent tablets (effervescent tablets)
made by means of felt: in addition to the active substance containing a mixture Junga acid (citric acid, tartaric acid) and sodium bicarbonate which, when dissolved in water will produce carbon dioxide.
e. Tablet implantation (pellets)
small tablet, round or oval white, sterile and clean steroid hormone, is inserted into the skin by tearing the skin a little bit, then the tablet is inserted, then the skin is sutured.
f. Hypodermic tablets (hypodermic tablets)
is a tablet print made from materials readily soluble or dissolves perfectly in water, should be sterile and be dissolved before it is used for hypodermic injection.
g. Buccal tablets (buccal tablets)
used in conjuction with the tablet between the cheek and gum, so that the active substance is absorbed directly through the oral mucosa.
h. sublingual tablets
used in a way to put the tablet under the tongue so that the active substance is absorbed directly through the mucosa of the mouth, administered orally or if necessary the rapid availability of drugs such as nitroglycerin tablets.
i. vaginal tablets (ovules)
is a solid dosage form, typically in the form of eggs is weakened (softens) and melts at body temperature, can dissolve and be used topically to the vagina khasus.
a. Ordinary tablets / tablet swallow
made without coating, is used orally by way of being swallowed, the stomach rupture.
b. Chewable tablets (chewable tablets)
usual forms such as tablets, used by chewing in the mouth and then swallowed, it is generally not bitter.
Chewable tablets are meant to be chewed, leaving a residue with a bad taste in the mouth.
c. Lozenges (lozenges, trochisi, pastilles)
is a solid dosage form containing one or more ingredients, generally with a basis of flavorful and sweet, which makes tablets dissolve or disintegrate slowly - land in the mouth.
d. Effervescent tablets (effervescent tablets)
made by means of felt: in addition to the active substance containing a mixture Junga acid (citric acid, tartaric acid) and sodium bicarbonate which, when dissolved in water will produce carbon dioxide.
e. Tablet implantation (pellets)
small tablet, round or oval white, sterile and clean steroid hormone, is inserted into the skin by tearing the skin a little bit, then the tablet is inserted, then the skin is sutured.
f. Hypodermic tablets (hypodermic tablets)
is a tablet print made from materials readily soluble or dissolves perfectly in water, should be sterile and be dissolved before it is used for hypodermic injection.
g. Buccal tablets (buccal tablets)
used in conjuction with the tablet between the cheek and gum, so that the active substance is absorbed directly through the oral mucosa.
h. sublingual tablets
used in a way to put the tablet under the tongue so that the active substance is absorbed directly through the mucosa of the mouth, administered orally or if necessary the rapid availability of drugs such as nitroglycerin tablets.
i. vaginal tablets (ovules)
is a solid dosage form, typically in the form of eggs is weakened (softens) and melts at body temperature, can dissolve and be used topically to the vagina khasus.
l.
Pill
- Component, Use and Examples Pillulae
- Component, Use and Examples Pillulae
1. The
main substances: Form of drug ingredients
2.
Additional substances such as:
a. Substance
Filler: Use to increase the volume of pills. Examples: Liquorice, bolus alba or
other suitable material.
b. The binder substance: Creating mass that stick
together with each other. For example: Sari liquorice, gum acacia and tragacanth.
c. Substance Sower: Make preparations that have been made is not attached to one another. Examples liqopodium and talk.
d. Coating agent: Used to cover the taste and unpleasant smell. Prevent changes due to the influence of air. So that the pills can be broken in the gut. For example: Silver, tolu balsam, keratin, sirlak, kolodium, salol, gelatin, sugar.
e. Wetting agent: wet mass prior to its establishment. For example: water, glycerol, syrup, honey, mix these materials or other suitable material.
c. Substance Sower: Make preparations that have been made is not attached to one another. Examples liqopodium and talk.
d. Coating agent: Used to cover the taste and unpleasant smell. Prevent changes due to the influence of air. So that the pills can be broken in the gut. For example: Silver, tolu balsam, keratin, sirlak, kolodium, salol, gelatin, sugar.
e. Wetting agent: wet mass prior to its establishment. For example: water, glycerol, syrup, honey, mix these materials or other suitable material.
m.
Capsule
-
Kinds of capsules :
Based on the shape of pharmaceutical capsules
divided into two hard capsule (capsulae durae, hard capsules) and soft capsules
(capsulae Molles, soft capsules)
-
Differences hard capsules and soft capsules.
a. hard capsules
a. hard capsules
- Made up of body and lid
- Available in the form of a blank
- The contents are usually solid, liquid can
also
- How to use orally
- Form only one kind
b. Soft
capsules
-
unity
- Has always been filled
- The content is usually liquid, can also be
solid
- Can be oral, vaginal, rectal, topical
- Form a wide – range
n.
Injection
- Objectives
Giving Parenteral Preparations
1. To ensure that the drug reaches the body
part or tissue that require concentration sufficient.
2. In order to attain certain pharmacological
controlled parameters, such as time of onset, peak serum, rate of drug
elimination from the body.
3. For patients who can not perform self
medicate
4. To obtain biological effects that are not
obtained through oral administration
5. For an alternative if the expected route
(oral) is not available
6. To get the effect locally, to minimize
systemic toxic effects
7.For patients who are not aware,
uncooperative, uncontrolled
8. For the treatment of electrolyte and fluid imbalances for the supply of nutrients long-term / short
8. For the treatment of electrolyte and fluid imbalances for the supply of nutrients long-term / short
9. To obtain local effects expected
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
A. Conclusion
So that
we can describe the material that is the subject of this paper, of course,
there are still many shortcomings and weaknesses, because they lack the
knowledge and the lack of references or references that had to do with the
title of this paper.
Writer
much hope dear readers can give constructive criticism and suggestions to the
author of this paper and for the sake of perfect and writing papers in an
opportunity - the next opportunity.
Hopefully
this paper is useful for writers in particular are also dear readers in
general.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Prastika, Irma. 2011. Dosage Form. http://irmaprastikaa.blogspot.co.id/2011/12/bentuk-sediaan-obat.html. October 2016
Drs.
H. A Syamsuni, Apt. 2006.Ilmu Resep. Jakarta : Publishers
of medical books EGC
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